Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,[1] significantly larger than...
The medical use of nitroglycerin began with the experiments of William Murrell, which were widely reported in 1879. The chemical nitroglycerin, which is commonly referred to as "glyceryl trinitrate...
Apoptosis (/ˌæ.pəpˈtoʊ.sɪs/;[2][3] from Ancient Greek ἀπό apo, "away from" and πτῶσις ptōsis, "falling") is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms.[4] ...
Multiple myeloma (myelo- + -oma, "marrow" + "tumor"), also known as plasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis, or Kahler's disease (after Otto Kahler), is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood ce...
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure...
An adjuvant (from Latin, adiuvare: to aid) is a pharmacological and/or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. Adjuvants may be added to vaccine to modify the immune response ...
Modeling fluorescence in turbid media
SEFD-OCT extracts spectral information by distributing different optical frequencies onto a detector stripe (line-array CCD or CMOS) via a dispersive element (see Fig. 4). Thereby the information o...
Estrogen receptors are a group of proteins found inside cells. They are receptors that are activated by the hormone estrogen (17β-estradiol).[1] Two classes of estrogen receptor exist: ER, which is...
HIV/multivalent immunogen
Detecting electromagnetic radiation from biological sample
Most, if not all, oxygen-breathing species express the highly-conserved transcriptional complex HIF-1, which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, the latter being a constitutiv...
In genetics, a mutation is a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal genetic element. Mutations result from unrepaired damage to DNA or to RNA gen...
Droplet-based multiwell operations
Lipidomics is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems[1][2][3] The word "lipidome" is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tiss...
Force-based analyte detection
Sex steroid responsive disorders
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair th...
While sour taste has historically been regarded as the domain of ion channels, receptors for sour taste are now being proposed. HCN1 and HCN4 (HCN channels) were two such proposals; both of these r...
Laparoscopic ultrasound
