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Patent Pending PBRs have many actions on immune cells including modulation of oxidative bursts by neutrophils and macrophages, and inhibition of macrophage secretion of cytokines inhibition of the proliferation of lymphoid cells and secretion of cytokines by macrophages.[9] Expression of TSPO is also linked to inflammatory responses that occur after ischemia-reperfusion injury, following brain injury, and in some neurodegenerative diseases.